2.1 General Shape
It is evident that a letter needs to be recognizable to convey meaning to a reader. An ‘a’ should be identifiable as such; otherwise it does not truly belong to the ‘a’-category. It should not only be clear that it is a letter, but it also has to be discriminated from other letter forms. However, it is difficult to pinpoint what it is exactly that determines if a shape is identified as a (particular) letter. Type design still is a craft, not a science. Thus, it can not be expected that a list of design rules exists, based on research.

Nonetheless, the problem of letter-identity has received attention from typographers as well as ergonomists. The designer Eric Gill, for instance, decided to draw a number of different, simplistic versions of the letter ‘a’ and compare them to each other. However, this kind of exploration does not solve a basic problem; we still do not know which are the determinant features. After all, people might agree which of the characters Gill has drawn are acceptable as a letter and which are not, but there is no analysis of how people arrived at such a conclusion. In an experiment, Ovink (1938) has compared sets of typefaces per letter of the alphabet in order to pinpoint the typical parts that made people identify a character. This kind of research resulted in conclusions about how near to typical a particular typeface is for one particular letter only. This knowledge may be useful for typeface designers, but does not contribute much to the general question about the determinant features. Despite the fact that we can name all the features of a character (figure 1) and use some of these features as a basis of typeface classification (table 1), we are still looking for the truly distinctive features of type form that prompt us to make the ‘a’-sound when seeing the ‘a’- form. Of course, the real challenge for the type designer lies in shaping a character into a typical member of its typeface-alphabet. In other words, the character’s form not only has to approximate the archetypal ‘a’, but should also conform to the general typeface form, which it shares with the ‘d’, ‘z’, and all the other letters in the same family.

Judging by the successful production of many typefaces, type designers often do seem to be able to incorporate those distinctive features that give a character what it needs in order to be identified correctly. Thus, the fact that it is difficult to express in words which features of type are archetypal does not mean that designers have no idea at all. It is also not entirely true that psychological research has contributed nothing. It just has not been able to lay bare the fundamentals. The following paragraphs will summarize the information which did result from research and which is relevant for typography.


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